This section presents a set of indicators describing the size and composition of the population, including both demographic and socio-economic characteristics, based on the 2021 Permanent Population Census.

Each indicator is grouped into population deciles (each decile contains one-tenth of the total population of Emilia-Romagna).

• Population: total number of residents
• Socio-economic Deprivation Index: combined measure based on low educational attainment, lack of participation in the labor market, and housing overcrowding, based on 2021 data
• Elderly: percentage of people aged 75 and over relative to the total population
• Children: percentage of children aged 0-4 relative to the total population
• Foreign Residents: percentage of people with non-Italian citizenship relative to the total population
• People Leaving Alone: percentage of one-person households relative to the total population

The Socio-economic Deprivation Index (${\mathrm{ID}}_{21}$) is calculated as the combination of three indicators:

• X₁: percentage of people aged 20+ with an education level below upper secondary school
• X₂: percentage of people aged 15-64 who are not employed
• X₃: average number of residents per dwelling unit

These indicators are standardized using Z-scores → ${\mathrm{ID}}_{21}=\sum _{i=1}^3\frac{X_i-\mathrm{mean}\left(X_i\right)}{\mathrm{StandardDeviation}\left(X_i\right)}$