The Climate Vulnerability Index was calculated using the GWPCA (Weighted Principal Component Analysis), following the methodology described in Badaloni et al. (2023).

The table below lists the variables included in the indicator.

Variable Unit Source Calculation
PM10 μg/m³ ARPAE Annual average 2009−2017 and 2023
PM2.5 μg/m³ ARPAE Annual average 2009−2017 and 2023
NO2 μg/m³ ARPAE Annual average 2016−2019
O3 μg/m³ ARPAE Annual average 2016−2019
NDVI − USGS
Landsat 8		 Average April−October 2013−2025
LAI − USGS
Landsat 8		 Average April−October 2013−2025
Surface Temperature ℃ USGS
Landsat 8		 Average June−August 2013−2025
Imperviousness % ISPRA 2018 map
Urban Areas % ISPRA Land use map 2023
Rural Areas % ISPRA Land cover map 2023
Blue Areas m² ISPRA Land cover map 2023
Elevation m Emilia-Romagna Region DTM 5x5 - Emilia-Romagna Geoportal (2025)
Average Building Height m Copernicus Urban Atlas Building Height 2012
Urban Green Areas m² OSM Data 2025
Highway Density m/m² OSM Data 2025
Primary Road Density m/m² OSM Data 2025
Secondary Road Density m/m² OSM Data 2025
Local Road Density m/m² OSM Data 2025

Note: ARPAE = Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy in Emilia-Romagna; USGS = United States Geological Survey; ISPRA = Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research; OSM = OpenStreetMap.